美国的红旗军演，蒙古参加！

以前也粗略了解过Red Flag-Alaska，今天看到个报道好奇怪，所以又上网挖了些材料。

美国的红旗－阿拉斯加军演在阿拉斯加的Eielson 和 Elmendorf 空军基地举行 一年四次一般持续约10天

为逼真的多任务联合演戏,主旨是提高各参演单位的协调配合，让所有太平洋空军力量“初尝”战场滋味。据说，在当初伊拉克沙漠风暴行动前，只有不到１／５的美空军战斗机飞行员见过什么是真正的空战（这个不知道什么意思？因为美军在伊拉克之前一段时间内空战打得不多，所以不知道它是怎么统计出来的，或者和中苏并机飞也算,或者看纪录片也算），而分析认为，战斗损失通常发生于飞行员最初的８到１０次任务之内，有鉴于此，逼真环境的红旗演习应运而生。

红旗－阿拉斯加军演原本是美国太平洋空军力量的演训，最早为在菲律宾克拉克空军基地的　COPE THUNDER演习（对抗雷，也有作合作对抗雷或对抗威胁等说法），但随着１９９１年６月１５日菲律宾吕宋岛品纳土玻火山（Mount Pinatubo）爆发导致演习缩水和美菲协议，９２年改至现址演习。２００６年改名为红旗－阿拉斯加演习。

目前，除美军外参与该系列演习的还包括德国、瑞典、加拿大、英国、日本、新西兰、澳大利亚、新加坡、泰国、西班牙、土耳其和蒙古。

一般参演机型包括F-15, F-16, F/A-18, EA-6B, OA-10, A-10, C-130, KC-130, KC-135, KC-10, E-3C, HC-130和各种直升机以及英国的狂风、猎迷反潜巡逻机,VC-10空中加油机、美洲虎攻击机。

以下是演习一般过程：RED FLAG-Alaska participants are organized into "Red" defensive forces and "Blue" offensive forces. "White" forces represent the neutral controlling agency. The defensive force includes ground-control intercept and surface air defense forces to simulate threats posed by potentially hostile nations. These forces generally employ defensive counter-air tactics directed by ground-control intercept sites. Range threat emitters - electronic devices which send out signals simulating anti-aircraft artillery and surface-to-air missile launches - provide valuable surface-to-air training and are operated by a civilian contractor as directed by 353d Combat Training Squadron technicians. The offensive force includes the full spectrum of U.S. and allied tactical and support units. Because the defensive and offensive forces meet in a simulated hostile, non-cooperative training environment, the job of controlling the mock war and ensuring safety falls to the White neutral force.

On an average, more than 700 people and up to 60 aircraft deploy to Eielson, and an additional 500 people and 40 aircraft deploy to Elmendorf Air Force Base, for each RED FLAG-Alaska exercise. Most participating RED FLAG-Alaska units arrive a week prior to the actual exercise. During that time, aircrews may fly one or two range orientation flights, make physical and mental preparations, hone up on local flying restrictions, receive local safety and survival briefings, and work on developing orientation plans.

During the two-week employment phase of the exercise, aircrews are subjected to every conceivable combat threat. Scenarios are shaped to meet each exercise's specific training objectives. All units are involved in the development of exercise training objectives. At the height of the exercise, up to 70 jet fighters can be operating in the same airspace at one time. Typically, RED FLAG-Alaska conducts two combat missions each day.

All RED FLAG-Alaska exercises take place over Alaskan and Western Canadian airspace. The entire airspace is made up of 17 permanent military operations areas and high altitude training areas, plus two restricted areas, for a total airspace of more than 67,000 square miles.

Aircrews aren't the only ones who benefit from the RED FLAG-Alaska experience. Exercises provide an operations training environment for participants such as unit-level intelligence experts, maintenance crews, and command and control elements.

By providing generic scenarios using common worldwide threats and simulated combat conditions, RED FLAG-Alaska gives everyone an opportunity to make the tough calls combat often requires.

今天新闻关注的是蒙古的参演：“蒙古首次派遣部队参加美国红旗空地联合军演”。但从上述内容看，蒙古之前至少作为观察员已不是第一次了。某报道又信口开河“一年一度”，现在是７月，我们看看这个：“美国空军2007年2月15日报道 F-22“猛禽”在2月3日开始的“红旗”演习中表现突出，其他现役战斗机所欠缺的隐身能力、超声速巡航能力以及其他能力都得到了充分的体现。”

实际上，美国空军的红旗军演是指在内华达州的内利斯基地进行。“红旗－阿拉斯加”才在阿拉斯加进行，而且只是美国太平洋空军力量参与的多国演习。

关于蒙古，转引南京大学国际关系研究院国际关系评论网陈妙峰一文部分：蒙古的“多支点”外交战略尽管以同中、俄睦邻友好关系为基础，但随着民主改革和向自由市场经济过渡，其基本走向已呈现向西方倾斜的倾向，它同西方大国关系特别是同美国关系的发展，应引起中国的高度重视。蒙古因其特殊的地理位置，提出“第三邻国”战略，积极谋求同美国为首的西方国家建立联系，以此作为牵制中俄进而达到保障自身安全的目的。然而，由于蒙古政府特别是民主联盟执政期间蒙美关系发展迅速，美国对蒙的军事渗透逐渐加强，该地区的安定有逐渐被打破的可能，这不能不引起中国的警觉。随着布什总统的上台，美国战略重心开始转向亚太，其防范的一个潜在对手就是中国。美国加速发展同蒙古的关系，企图插入“熊嘴与龙爪之间”的用意是司马昭之心路人皆知，其目的之一就是针对中国。因此，在努力发展中蒙友好关系的同时，中国也应进一步注意美蒙关系的发展，遏制美国的这一野心。美国因素已成为中蒙关系发展中最重要的不确定因素之一。